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The weather conditions heavily affected the European olive production in the 2014/15 harvest season. Spain, Italy and Greece account for about 97% of EU olive oil production, with Spain producing approximately 62% of this amount ( European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development, 2016). Average olive oil production in the EU in recent years was estimated in 2.2 million tonnes, representing around 73% of world production. In the Mediterranean area Italy can be considered, for its environmental, historical conditions, and high variety of cultivars, a key country for the olive oil production.
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Nevertheless, still about 95% of total olive oil is produced in the Mediterranean region (Europe and North Africa). In addition to its primeval European and African Mediterranean countries, nowadays other production areas are Argentina, South Africa and Australia (, 2016). Olive trees were originally (thousands of years ago) found only in the Mediterranean region, while today are grown in several countries around the world. Among the other three Peranzana showed the second more consistent behavior, while Cima di Mola and Ogliarola having the biggest change over the two years. Notwithstanding the geographical spread and the wide number of samples, Coratina showed a consistent behavior of its metabolic profile in the two considered harvests. The four studied cultivars showed non homogeneous behavior. Mahalanobis distances and J 2 criterion have been measured to assess the quality of resulting scores clusters for each cultivar in the two harvesting campaigns. Influence of cultivar and weather conditions, such as the summer rainfall, on the oil metabolic profile have been evaluated. A study on the olive oil lipid profile was carried out by statistical multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA, Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis, PLS-DA, Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis, OPLS-DA). Following genetic identification of individual olive trees, a detailed Apulian EVOO NMR database was built using 900 oils samples obtained from 900 cultivar certified single trees. Nine hundred extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) were extracted from individual olive trees of four olive cultivars (Coratina, Cima di Mola, Ogliarola, Peranzana), originating from the provinces of Bari and Foggia (Apulia region, Southern Italy) and collected during two consecutive harvesting seasons (2013//15).